On Doubly-Efficient Interactive Proof Systems

An interactive proof system is called doubly-efficient if the prescribed prover strategy can be implemented in polynomial-time and the verifier’s strategy can be implemented in almost-linear time. Such proof systems, introduced by Goldwasser, Kalai, and Rothblum (JACM, 2015), make the benefits of interactive proof system available to real-life agents who are restricted to polynomial-time computation. We survey some of the known results regarding doubly-efficient interactive proof system. We start by presenting two simple constructions for t-no-CLIQUE (due to Goldreich and Rothblum (ECCC, 2017 and 2018)), where the first construction offers the benefit of being generalized to any “locally characterizable” set, and the second construction offers the benefit of preserving the combinatorial flavor of the problem. We then turn to two more general constructions of doublyefficient interactive proof system: the proof system for sets having (uniform) bounded-depth circuits (due to Goldwasser, Kalai and Rothblum (JACM, 2015)), and the proof system for sets that are recognized in polynomial-time and small space (due to Reingold, Rothblum, and Rothblum (STOC, 2016)). Our presentation of the GKR construction is quite complete (and is somewhat different from the original presentation), but for the RRR construction we only provide an overview.